ABSTRACT
Objective To realize the distribution and change in antimicrobial resistance of common pathogens causing acute lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI)in children,and provide evidence for rational use of antimicrobial agents. Methods Data about pathogens from children with LRTI in a hospital between January 2011 and December 2013 were ana-lyzed statistically.Results Of 934 isoalted pathogenic strains,728 (77.94%)were gram-negative bacteria,the major were Klebsiella pneumoniae (n =278),Escherichia coli (n =216),Enterobacter cloacae (n =85 ),and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=63).The isolation rate of gram-positive bacteria was 20.87%(n=195),the major were Staphylococcus aureus (n=132)and Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=49).Antimicrobial susceptibility testing results revealed that sensitive rate of gram-negative bacteria to imipenem,meropenem,and amikacin were all 100.00%,to ceftazidime/clavulanic acid and piperacillin/tazobactam were relatively low,to cephalosporins increased year by year.Sensitive rates of the main gram-positive bacteria to vancomycin were both 100.00%, to erythromycin and clindamycin were relatively low. Conclusion The major pathogenic bacteria causing LRTI in pediatric department are gram-negative bacteria,antimicrobial resistance rates increased year by year,management of antimicrobial use in children should be strengthened to prevent the occurrence of multidrug-resistant organism infection.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the advantage of Gukangling Decoction (GKLD), a compound traditional Chinese herbal medicine, combined with technetium [(99)Tc] methylene diphosphonate injection ((99)Tc-MDP) in treating osteoporosis in rabbits. METHODS: A rabbit model of osteoporosis was established by intramuscular injection of dexamethasone (DX). Fifty-six rabbits were divided into 8 groups: Group A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H. Rabbits in groups A and B were intramuscularly injected normal saline as normal control, groups C and D were untreated groups, rabbits in group E were treated by (99)-MDP, rabbits in group F were treated by aminodiphosphate, rabbits in group G were treated by GKLD, and rabbits in group H were treated by (99)-MDP and GKLD. Rabbits in groups A and C were executed to demonstrate the establishment of the rabbit model of osteoporosis at the 8th week of experiment. Rabbits in the other six groups were executed after 16-week experiment (8-week treatment), and then bone structure and cell shape were observed by electron microscope, X-ray, CT and emission computed tomography (ECT). Bone density, biomechanical parameters, the levels of bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and bone Gla protein (BGP) were measured too. RESULTS: After 8-week of intramuscular injection of DX, the bone trabecula in group A were regular and showed normal configuration, while the bone trabecula in group C were sparse, ruptured and showed damaged form. The bone density and biomechanical parameters in group A were higher than those in group C, indicating that the rabbit model of osteoporosis was established successfully. At the 9th week of experiment, the results of cell pathology in group D showed that the bone trabeculas were sparse, ruptured, defected or had hollow section, but the bone trabeculas in group B were regular and dense. The bone trabeculas in groups H and E were restored, and were thicker than those in group D. The bone quality in groups H and E was better than group D significantly, the bone quality in group F was better than group G, and the bone quality in group G was better than group D slightly. CONCLUSION: GKLD combined with (99)-MDP had superiority in treating osteoporosis of rabbits as compared with the respective single therapy.